Arc de Constantin
L’arc de Constantin est le dernier et le plus grand des arcs de triomphe construits à Rome. Il a été édifié entre 312 ap. J.-C. et 315 ap. J.-C. Sa décoration est en grande partie constituée d’éléments récupérés sur des édifices antérieurs.
L’arc de Constantin a été construit, comme les autres arcs de triomphe, sur le parcours de la procession triomphale entre le Grand Cirque et le forum. Comme l’indique l’inscription qui apparaît sur les deux faces de l’attique, il commémore le triomphe célébré par Constantin après sa victoire sur Maxence au pont Milvius en 312 ap. J.-C. Il fut consacré en 315. C’est le plus grand arc à trois baies conservé : 21 m de haut, 25,7 m de long, 7,45 m de large ; la baie centrale est large de 6,5 m et haute de 11,45 m. Sa structure est très proche de celle de l’arc de Septime Sévère. Il s’en distingue par la polychromie : les médaillons sont sertis dans du porphyre. Sa décoration vient en grande partie de la récupération d’éléments pris sur des monuments antérieurs, les plus anciens datant de l’époque de Trajan. Appartiennent à l’époque de Constantin : les Victoires et les barbares représentés sur les piédestaux des colonnes, les Victoires en vol, les saisons et les divinités fluviales représentées sur les écoinçons des baies et les reliefs historiques sur la frise qui court tout autour du bâtiment (interrompue par la baie centrale) au niveau du dessus des baies latérales.
L’arc de Constantin a disparu sur la maquette de P. Bigot.
Emplacement de l’arc de Constantin aujourd’hui disparu de la maquette. - Cliché Ch.Morineau
Cliché S. Madeleine
Cliché Ph. Fleury
Cliché S. Madeleine
Cliché S. Madeleine
Cliché S. Madeleine
Cliché S. Madeleine
(Documentation : Ph. Fleury et S. Madeleine – Infographie : C. Morineau et N. Lefèvre, 2015)
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