Porticus Minucia
La Porticus Minucia Frumentaria est une grande place situé sur le Champ de Mars qui était utilisée pour les distributions gratuites de blé.
La Porticus Minucia Frumentaria se trouve sur le Champ de Mars, à proximité de la zone sacrée du Largo Argentina. Cette grande place de 150 m sur 115 m, entourée d’un portique sur ses quatre côtés, était fréquentée par les citoyens qui étaient éligibles aux distributions gratuites de blé. Le centre de la place est dominé par le temple des Nymphes. Il existe une hypothèse selon laquelle la liste des ayants-droits aux distributions gratuites de blé était, au moins à une certaine époque, conservée dans ce temple. Il s’agirait donc plus d’un lieu de dépôt d’archives plutôt que d’un lieu de culte. Or ce temple a subi un incendie criminel au Ier siècle av. J.-C. et on se demande si le but des incendiaires n’était pas justement de faire disparaître ces listes. Ces dernières devaient en effet être révisées pour diminuer le nombre de citoyens pouvant bénéficier des distributions gratuites de blé.
A partir de Septime Sévère, le service impérial qui s’occupe de la distribution du blé fut jumelé avec le service des aqueducs, celui du curator aquarum. Le rapprochement des fonctionnaires chargés des approvisionnements en eau et en blé se justifie puisqu’à cette époque des quantités importantes de blé étaient moulues dans des moulins à eau. C’est peut-être ce qui explique la présence d’un temple dédié aux nymphes au sein d’un portique consacré aux distributions de blé.
La distribution du blé était organisée à l’abri du portique. Quarante-quatre ou quarante-cinq guichets étaient régulièrement répartis et ils portaient chacun un numéro différent. Le citoyen qui venait chercher du blé devait apporter une tessère, un document administratif, qui portait le numéro du comptoir et le jour où il devait se présenter. Il repartait ensuite avec un sac de blé de 35 kg. Il faut imaginer cette place très encombrée, certainement bruyante, puisque selon certaines estimations, ce sont environ 230 tonnes de blé qui étaient distribuées ici chaque jour, à près de 6600 personnes.
Cliché Ch.Morineau
Porticus Minucia - Cliché S. Madeleine
Porticus Minucia - Cliché Ph. Fleury
Les guichets de distribution de blé - (Documentation : Ph. Fleury et S. Madeleine – Infographie : C. Morineau et N. Lefèvre, 2018)
En arrière plan le temple des Nymphes - (Documentation : Ph. Fleury et S. Madeleine – Infographie : C. Morineau et N. Lefèvre, 2018)
Le temple des Nymphes au centre - (Documentation : Ph. Fleury et S. Madeleine – Infographie : C. Morineau et N. Lefèvre, 2018)Porticus Minucia avec le Temple des Nymphes
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