Mithraeum des thermes de Caracalla
Le culte dédié à Mithra fait partie des cultes à mystères. La divinité venue d’Iran était arrivée à Rome par l’intermédiaire des soldats et si plusieurs mithrea ont été mis au jour à Rome, celui des thermes de Caracalla est le plus grand de ceux qui furent retrouvés dans l’Vrbs.
Constitué de plusieurs pièces, il a été mis au jour en 1912 dans les sous-sols des thermes de Caracalla. L’espace principal, dépourvu de fenêtre, devait être assez sombre puisque la lumière venait uniquement d’éclairage artificiel (candélabres, lampes à huile). On suppose par analogie avec d’autres mithrea que la voûte du plafond de la salle de culte était stuquée et peinte pour représenter la voute céleste. Sur les longs côtés de la pièce principale, qui mesure 25 m de long sur 8 m de large, étaient aménagées des banquettes en maçonnerie, encore visibles aujourd’hui, qui étaient probablement liées à la consommation de nourriture.
La particularité du Mithraeum des thermes de Caracalla, qui le rend unique parmi les mithrea connus jusqu’à maintenant, est la fossa sanguinis. C’est une fosse située dans la salle principale. On y accède par un escalier qui rejoint une pièce contiguë. Cette structure singulière a souvent été rapprochée de la célébration du taurobole, c’est-à-dire du sacrifice d’un taureau. Aujourd’hui, l’hypothèse est remise en cause et la fosse serait plutôt liée à la présence d’une machinerie, qui permettrait de faire apparaître des décors ou des personnages pendant le rituel d’initiation.
Mithraeum des thermes de Caracalla
Entrée du Mithraeum des thermes de Caracalla
La "fossa sanguinis" - La "fossa sanguinis"
La pièce d’entrée avec le bassin - La pièce d’entrée avec le bassin
Les "banquettes" latérales de la salle principale - Les "banquettes" latérales de la salle principale
La pièce intermédiaire avec la salle de culte principale sur la droite - La pièce intermédiaire avec la salle de culte principale sur la droite
La "fossa sanguinis" au premier plan - (Documentation : Ph. Fleury et S. Madeleine – Infographie : A. Tillier, C. Morineau et N. Lefèvre, 2019)
A gauche, l’entrée du mithréum - (Documentation : Ph. Fleury et S. Madeleine – Infographie : A. Tillier, C. Morineau et N. Lefèvre, 2019)
La cuisine - (Documentation : Ph. Fleury et S. Madeleine – Infographie : A. Tillier, C. Morineau et N. Lefèvre, 2019)
L’antichambre - (Documentation : Ph. Fleury et S. Madeleine – Infographie : A. Tillier, C. Morineau et N. Lefèvre, 2019)
La pièce principale - (Documentation : Ph. Fleury et S. Madeleine – Infographie : A. Tillier, C. Morineau et N. Lefèvre, 2019)
Le pater - (Documentation : Ph. Fleury et S. Madeleine – Infographie : A. Tillier, C. Morineau et N. Lefèvre, 2019)
Les banquettes de la salle principale - (Documentation : Ph. Fleury et S. Madeleine – Infographie : A. Tillier, C. Morineau et N. Lefèvre, 2019)
Le vestibule d’entrée - (Documentation : Ph. Fleury et S. Madeleine – Infographie : A. Tillier, C. Morineau et N. Lefèvre, 2019)
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